The
Communist Manifesto
1. History
of class struggle
2. They fought constantly until, eventually, they
either destroyed themselves or transformed society into a new and better stage.
3. Manifold gradation of social rank (Rome and
middle age)
4. Bourgeois
sprang from the ruins of feudalism. New forms of oppression
5. Simplified antagonism with the
splitting into two great class: Bourgeois and Proletariat
6. Things bourgeoisie developed…
7. Feudal system not sufficient,
manufacturing system established
8. Then steam and machinery
9. Various adv due to discovery of
America and industrial revolution; This development has, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry;
and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended
10. Buorgeoise the product of long
course of development of a series
of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.
11. Bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding
political advance of that class. The executive of the modern state is but a
committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.
12. The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most
revolutionary part.
13. Torn asunder feudal tie that bound man to his
“natural superiors”; and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man
only self-interest of "cash payment". No religious fervour,
chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism but only egotistical
calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value- Free Trade. In
one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has
substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.
14. All respected jobs into paid wage labourer.
15. Family relation into money relation
16.
17. The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly
revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of
production, and with them the whole relations of society.
All
relations, venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away
All that is solid melts into air, all that is
holy is profaned,
Man is
at last compelled to face with sober senses his, real conditions of life, and
his relations with his kind
18. Bourgeois
have to globalize
19. Replace all old forms by new when they globalize
20. Barbarians
into civilization with cheap prices
of commodities\
Compels
them to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its
own image.
21. One dependent on the other
22. It has agglomerated population, centralized the
means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The
necessary consequence of this was political centralization. Power in hands of few
23. Many
invention that past generation couldn’t discover
24. Feudal way
were creating obstacles so burst asunder
25. Into their place stepped free competition,
accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the
economic and political sway of the bourgeois class.
26. A similar movement is going on before our own
eyes: bourgeois and proletariat.
The
history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern
productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property
relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeois and of its
rule.
In
these crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would
have seemed an absurdity - the epidemic of over-production.
There
is too much civilization, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too
much commerce.
The productive forces at the disposal of society
no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois
property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions,
by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they
bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of
bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to
comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over
these crises? On the one hand by enforced destruction of a mass of productive
forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough
exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more
extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby
crises are prevented.
27. The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled
feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself
28. It has also called into existence the men who are
to wield those weapons - the modern working class - the proletarians.
29. Workers equal to commodity
30. He becomes an appendage of the machine. Wage only
to the means of subsistence that he requires for maintenance, and for the
propagation of his race. in proportion
as the use of machinery and division of labour increases, in the same
proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the
working hours, by the increase of the work exacted in a given time or by
increased speed of machinery, etc.
31. Hierarchy.
Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois
class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the
machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois
manufacturer himself.
32. After
getting low wage that portion also taken by shopkeeper and others of bourgeois society
33. Many
people fall under the proletariat
34. With its
birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. They direct their attacks not
against the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of
production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their
labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they seek to
restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages.
35. the workers begin to form combinations (Trades' Unions)
against the bourgeois.
Now and then
the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their
battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of
the workers. into one national struggle between classes.
But every class struggle is a political
struggle.
36. This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and,
consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the
competition between the workers themselves.
But when it rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier, It
compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by
taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself.
37.
The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle.
At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie
itself, whose interests have become antagonistic to the progress of industry;
at all time with the bourgeoisie of foreign countries.
In all these
battles, it sees itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for
help, and thus, to drag it into the political arena.
The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the
proletariat with its own elements of political and general education, in other
words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie.
38. The ruling class supply the proletariat with fresh elements of
enlightenment and progress.
39. Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the
decisive hour of dissolution going on within the ruling class, a small section
of the ruling class cuts itself adrift, and joins the revolutionary class.
Just as,
therefore, at an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the
bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat,
and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have raised
themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement
as a whole.
40. Proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The
other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry
41. The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the
shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, are not revolutionary, but conservative or reactionary
42. The "dangerous class’ are bribed tool of Bourgeois
43. The proletarian is without property; his relation to family.
Law, morality, religion, are to him so many
bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois
interests.
44. The proletarians
cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except by abolishing
their own previous mode of appropriation, and thereby also every other previous
mode of appropriation.
They have nothing of their own to secure and
to fortify; their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and
insurances of, individual property.
45. All previous historical movements were movements of
minorities, or in the interest of minorities. The proletarian movement is the
self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest
of the immense majority. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present
society, cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole superincumbent
strata of official society being sprung into the air.
46. Communist are accused of taking away property earned by
hard work
47. But the development of industry has already done that to a
great extent
48. Or do you men private property of Bourgeois
49. No property for labourers
50. You say this is abolition of individuality and freedom
51.
52. Freedom developed by B
53.
But in your existing society, private
property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its
existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those
nine-tenths.
54.
55.
U say individuality
vanished with property
56.
That means individual equals B
57. It only deprives him of the power to subjugate
the labour of others by means of such appropriations.
58. It has been objected that upon the
abolition of private property, all work will cease, and universal laziness will
overtake us.
59. sheer idleness; for those those of its members who work,
acquire nothing, and those who acquire anything do not work.
60. the disappearance of class culture is to him identical with
the disappearance of all culture.
61. That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the
enormous majority, a mere training to act as a machine.
62. the standard of your bourgeois notions of freedom, culture,
law, &c.are your very ideas
63. The selfish misconception that induces you to transform
into eternal laws of nature and of reason, the social forms springing from your
present mode of production and form of property
What you see
clearly in the case of ancient property, what you admit in the case of feudal
property, you are of course forbidden to admit in the case of your own
bourgeois form of property.
64. The Communists are further reproached with desiring to
abolish countries and nationality.
65. The working men have no country. We cannot take from them
what they have not got.
Since the
proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, must rise to be the
leading class of the nation, must constitute itself the nation, it is so far,
itself national, though not in the bourgeois sense of the word.
66. National differences and antagonism between peoples are
daily more and more vanishing, owing to the development of the bourgeoisie, to
freedom of commerce, to the world market, to uniformity in the mode of
production and in the conditions of life corresponding thereto.
67. The supremacy of the proletariat will cause them to vanish
still faster. United action, of the leading civilised countries at least, is
one of the first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat.
68. the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes,
the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.
69. The charges against Communism made from a religious, a
philosophical and, generally, from an ideological standpoint, are not deserving
of serious examination.
70. changes with every change in the conditions of his material
existence, in his social relations and in his social life doesn’t change it
71. all these ideas have been the ideas of its ruling class.
72. Ideas replaced by new ones.
73. Christianity.
Only forms
change.
74. religious, moral, philosophical, and juridical ideas have
been modified in the course of historical development. But religion, morality,
philosophy, political science, and law, constantly survived this change
75. eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice, etc., that are
common to all states of society. But Communism abolishes eternal truths, it
abolishes all religion, and all morality, instead of constituting them on a new
basis; it therefore acts in contradiction to all past historical
experience."
76. The history of all past society has consisted in the
development of class antagonisms, antagonisms that assumed different forms at
different epochs.
77.
78. The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with
traditional ideas.
79.
80. We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution
by the working class is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling
class to win the battle of democracy.
81.
82. riot
83. These measures will, of course, be different in different
countries.
84. Nevertheless, in most advanced countries, the following
will be pretty generally applicable:
85. 1. Abolition of property in land and application of all
rents of land to public purposes.
2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
5. Centralisation of credit in the banks of the state, by means of a national
bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of
the State.
7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the
bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil
generally in accordance with a common plan.
8. Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies,
especially for agriculture.
9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition
of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution
of the populace over the country.
10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's
factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial
production, &c, &c.
86. in the course of development, class distinctions have
disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast
association of the whole nation.
If the proletariat can makes itself the ruling
class and sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will,
along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence
of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished
its own supremacy as a class.
87. In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and
class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development
of each is the condition for the free development of all.
88. S
89. S
90. S
91. Openly state that they will win at any cost
92. All working men should unite
