Communist manifesto - Summary

The Communist Manifesto

1.      History of class struggle

2.      They fought constantly until, eventually, they either destroyed themselves or transformed society into a new and better stage.

3.      Manifold gradation of social rank (Rome and middle age)

4.      Bourgeois sprang from the ruins of feudalism. New forms of oppression

5.      Simplified antagonism with the splitting into two great class: Bourgeois and Proletariat

6.      Things bourgeoisie developed…

7.      Feudal system not sufficient, manufacturing system established

8.      Then steam and machinery

9.      Various adv due to discovery of America and industrial revolution; This development has, in its turn, reacted on the extension of industry; and in proportion as industry, commerce, navigation, railways extended

10.  Buorgeoise the product of long course of development of a series of revolutions in the modes of production and of exchange.

11.  Bourgeoisie was accompanied by a corresponding political advance of that class. The executive of the modern state is but a committee for managing the common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.

12.  The bourgeoisie, historically, has played a most revolutionary part.

13.  Torn asunder feudal tie that bound man to his “natural superiors”; and has left remaining no other nexus between man and man only self-interest of "cash payment". No religious fervour, chivalrous enthusiasm, of philistine sentimentalism but only egotistical calculation. It has resolved personal worth into exchange value- Free Trade. In one word, for exploitation, veiled by religious and political illusions, it has substituted naked, shameless, direct, brutal exploitation.

14.  All respected jobs into paid wage labourer.

15.  Family relation into money relation

16.   

17.  The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionising the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society.

All relations, venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away

 All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned,

Man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his, real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind

18.  Bourgeois have to globalize

19.  Replace all old forms by new when they globalize

20.  Barbarians into civilization with cheap prices of commodities\

Compels them to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image.

21.  One dependent on the other

22.  It has agglomerated population, centralized the means of production, and has concentrated property in a few hands. The necessary consequence of this was political centralization.  Power in hands of few

23.  Many invention that past generation couldn’t discover

24.  Feudal way were creating obstacles so burst asunder

25.  Into their place stepped free competition, accompanied by a social and political constitution adapted in it, and the economic and political sway of the bourgeois class.

26.  A similar movement is going on before our own eyes: bourgeois and proletariat.

The history of industry and commerce is but the history of the revolt of modern productive forces against modern conditions of production, against the property relations that are the conditions for the existence of the bourgeois and of its rule.

In these crises, there breaks out an epidemic that, in all earlier epochs, would have seemed an absurdity - the epidemic of over-production.

There is too much civilization, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce.

The productive forces at the disposal of society no longer tend to further the development of the conditions of bourgeois property; on the contrary, they have become too powerful for these conditions, by which they are fettered, and so soon as they overcome these fetters, they bring disorder into the whole of bourgeois society, endanger the existence of bourgeois property. The conditions of bourgeois society are too narrow to comprise the wealth created by them. And how does the bourgeoisie get over these crises? On the one hand by enforced destruction of a mass of productive forces; on the other, by the conquest of new markets, and by the more thorough exploitation of the old ones. That is to say, by paving the way for more extensive and more destructive crises, and by diminishing the means whereby crises are prevented.

27.  The weapons with which the bourgeoisie felled feudalism to the ground are now turned against the bourgeoisie itself

28.  It has also called into existence the men who are to wield those weapons - the modern working class - the proletarians.

29.  Workers equal to commodity

30.  He becomes an appendage of the machine. Wage only to the means of subsistence that he requires for maintenance, and for the propagation of his race.  in proportion as the use of machinery and division of labour increases, in the same proportion the burden of toil also increases, whether by prolongation of the working hours, by the increase of the work exacted in a given time or by increased speed of machinery, etc.

31.  Hierarchy.

 Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself.

32.  After getting low wage that portion also taken by shopkeeper  and others of bourgeois society

33.  Many people fall under the proletariat

34.   With its birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie. They direct their attacks not against the bourgeois conditions of production, but against the instruments of production themselves; they destroy imported wares that compete with their labour, they smash to pieces machinery, they set factories ablaze, they seek to restore by force the vanished status of the workman of the Middle Ages.

35.  the workers begin to form combinations (Trades' Unions) against the bourgeois.

Now and then the workers are victorious, but only for a time. The real fruit of their battles lies, not in the immediate result, but in the ever expanding union of the workers. into one national struggle between classes.

 But every class struggle is a political struggle.

36.  This organisation of the proletarians into a class, and, consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves.

 But when it  rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier, It compels legislative recognition of particular interests of the workers, by taking advantage of the divisions among the bourgeoisie itself.

37.  The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant battle. At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all time with the bourgeoisie of foreign countries.

 In all these battles, it sees itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for help, and thus, to drag it into the political arena.

The bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the proletariat with its own elements of political and general education, in other words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting the bourgeoisie.

38.  The ruling class  supply the proletariat with fresh elements of enlightenment and progress.

39.  Finally, in times when the class struggle nears the decisive hour of dissolution going on within the ruling class, a small section of the ruling class cuts itself adrift, and joins the revolutionary class.

Just as, therefore, at an earlier period, a section of the nobility went over to the bourgeoisie, so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat, and in particular, a portion of the bourgeois ideologists, who have raised themselves to the level of comprehending theoretically the historical movement as a whole.

40.  Proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class. The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of Modern Industry

41.  The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, are  not revolutionary, but conservative or  reactionary

42.  The "dangerous class’ are bribed tool of Bourgeois

43.  The proletarian is without property; his relation to family.

 Law, morality, religion, are to him so many bourgeois prejudices, behind which lurk in ambush just as many bourgeois interests.

44.   The proletarians cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation.

 They have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of, individual property.

45.  All previous historical movements were movements of minorities, or in the interest of minorities. The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority. The proletariat, the lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raise itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official society being sprung into the air.

46.  Communist are accused of taking away property earned by hard work

47.  But the development of industry has already done that to a great extent

48.  Or do you men private property of Bourgeois

49.  No property for labourers

50.  You say this is abolition of individuality and freedom

51.    

52.  Freedom developed by B

53.   But in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population; its existence for the few is solely due to its non-existence in the hands of those nine-tenths. 

54.    

55.   U say individuality vanished with property

56.  That means individual equals B

57.  It only deprives him of the power to subjugate the labour of others by means of such appropriations.

58.  It has been objected that upon the abolition of private property, all work will cease, and universal laziness will overtake us.

59.  sheer idleness; for those those of its members who work, acquire nothing, and those who acquire anything do not work.

60.  the disappearance of class culture is to him identical with the disappearance of all culture.

61.  That culture, the loss of which he laments, is, for the enormous majority, a mere training to act as a machine.

62.  the standard of your bourgeois notions of freedom, culture, law, &c.are your very ideas

63.  The selfish misconception that induces you to transform into eternal laws of nature and of reason, the social forms springing from your present mode of production and form of property

What you see clearly in the case of ancient property, what you admit in the case of feudal property, you are of course forbidden to admit in the case of your own bourgeois form of property.

64.  The Communists are further reproached with desiring to abolish countries and nationality.

65.  The working men have no country. We cannot take from them what they have not got.

Since the proletariat must first of all acquire political supremacy, must rise to be the leading class of the nation, must constitute itself the nation, it is so far, itself national, though not in the bourgeois sense of the word.

66.  National differences and antagonism between peoples are daily more and more vanishing, owing to the development of the bourgeoisie, to freedom of commerce, to the world market, to uniformity in the mode of production and in the conditions of life corresponding thereto.

67.  The supremacy of the proletariat will cause them to vanish still faster. United action, of the leading civilised countries at least, is one of the first conditions for the emancipation of the proletariat.

68.  the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.

69.  The charges against Communism made from a religious, a philosophical and, generally, from an ideological standpoint, are not deserving of serious examination.

70.  changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence, in his social relations and in his social life doesn’t change it

71.  all these ideas have been  the ideas of its ruling class.

72.  Ideas replaced by new ones.

73.  Christianity.

Only forms change.

74.  religious, moral, philosophical, and juridical ideas have been modified in the course of historical development. But religion, morality, philosophy, political science, and law, constantly survived this change

75.  eternal truths, such as Freedom, Justice, etc., that are common to all states of society. But Communism abolishes eternal truths, it abolishes all religion, and all morality, instead of constituting them on a new basis; it therefore acts in contradiction to all past historical experience."

76.  The history of all past society has consisted in the development of class antagonisms, antagonisms that assumed different forms at different epochs.

77.   

78.  The Communist revolution is the most radical rupture with traditional ideas.

79.   

80.  We have seen above, that the first step in the revolution by the working class is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class to win the battle of democracy.

81.   

82.  riot

83.  These measures will, of course, be different in different countries.

84.  Nevertheless, in most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable:

85.  1. Abolition of property in land and application of all rents of land to public purposes.
2. A heavy progressive or graduated income tax.
3. Abolition of all rights of inheritance.
4. Confiscation of the property of all emigrants and rebels.
5. Centralisation of credit in the banks of the state, by means of a national bank with State capital and an exclusive monopoly.
6. Centralisation of the means of communication and transport in the hands of the State.
7. Extension of factories and instruments of production owned by the State; the bringing into cultivation of waste-lands, and the improvement of the soil generally in accordance with a common plan.
8. Equal liability of all to work. Establishment of industrial armies, especially for agriculture.
9. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries; gradual abolition of all the distinction between town and country by a more equable distribution of the populace over the country.
10. Free education for all children in public schools. Abolition of children's factory labour in its present form. Combination of education with industrial production, &c, &c.

86.  in the course of development, class distinctions have disappeared, and all production has been concentrated in the hands of a vast association of the whole nation.

 If the proletariat can makes itself the ruling class and sweeps away by force the old conditions of production, then it will, along with these conditions, have swept away the conditions for the existence of class antagonisms and of classes generally, and will thereby have abolished its own supremacy as a class.

87.  In place of the old bourgeois society, with its classes and class antagonisms, we shall have an association, in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all.

88.  S

89.  S

90.  S

91.  Openly state that they will win at any cost

92.  All working men should unite